四、句子翻译。
1. 我弟弟从不逃避问题。
2. 他尽快用一块湿布捂住了嘴。
3. 他打电话给我时，我正走在街上。
4. 如果你不能迅速逃出去，就躲在坚固的桌子下面。
5. 我们应该阻止司机在驾驶的时候使用手机。
1. 我弟弟从不逃避问题。
My brother never runs away from problems.
2. 他尽快用一块湿布捂住了嘴。
He covered his mouth with a wet cloth as soon as possible.
3. 他打电话给我时，我正走在街上。
I was walking in the street when he called me.
4. 如果你不能迅速逃出去，就躲在坚固的桌子下面。
If you can't get out quickly, hide under a strong table.
5. 我们应该阻止司机在驾驶的时候使用手机。
We should prevent drivers from using their phones while driving.
答案：1. My brother never runs away from problems. 2. He covered his mouth with a wet cloth as soon as possible. 3. I was walking in the street when he called me. 4. If you can't get out quickly, hide under a strong table. 5. We should prevent drivers from using their phones while driving.
解析：
【分析】做汉译英题时，需先明确每个句子的核心语义，匹配英语常用表达，再结合时态、句型调整形式：1. 表经常性动作用一般现在时，核心短语“逃避问题”对应run away from problems；2. 表过去动作用一般过去时，核心短语“用...捂住”对应cover...with...，“尽快”对应as soon as possible；3. 表过去某时刻正在进行的动作用过去进行时，when引导短暂动作从句；4. 是if条件状语从句+祈使句，核心短语“逃出去”对应get out；5. 核心短语“阻止某人做某事”对应prevent sb from doing sth，“在驾驶时”对应while driving。
【解析】1. 主语“我弟弟”为My brother，“从不”是never，主语是第三人称单数，一般现在时动词用runs，“逃避问题”是run away from problems，组合得My brother never runs away from problems. 2. 描述过去动作用一般过去时，“他”是He，“用湿布捂住嘴”是cover his mouth with a wet cloth，“尽快”是as soon as possible，cover的过去式为covered，组合得He covered his mouth with a wet cloth as soon as possible. 3. “我正走在街上”是过去进行时I was walking in the street，“他打电话给我时”是when he called me，组合得I was walking in the street when he called me. 4. “如果你不能迅速逃出去”是If you can't get out quickly，“躲在坚固的桌子下面”是祈使句hide under a strong table，组合得If you can't get out quickly, hide under a strong table. 5. “我们应该阻止司机使用手机”是We should prevent drivers from using their phones，“在驾驶的时候”是while driving，组合得We should prevent drivers from using their phones while driving.
【答案】1. My brother never runs away from problems. 2. He covered his mouth with a wet cloth as soon as possible. 3. I was walking in the street when he called me. 4. If you can't get out quickly, hide under a strong table. 5. We should prevent drivers from using their phones while driving.
【知识点】英语句子翻译、动词短语搭配、时态运用
【点评】本题为基础汉译英练习，考察常用动词短语、基本时态和句型的运用，是英语学习的核心基础题型，需熟练掌握核心表达。
【难度系数】0.6
【解析】1. 主语“我弟弟”为My brother，“从不”是never，主语是第三人称单数，一般现在时动词用runs，“逃避问题”是run away from problems，组合得My brother never runs away from problems. 2. 描述过去动作用一般过去时，“他”是He，“用湿布捂住嘴”是cover his mouth with a wet cloth，“尽快”是as soon as possible，cover的过去式为covered，组合得He covered his mouth with a wet cloth as soon as possible. 3. “我正走在街上”是过去进行时I was walking in the street，“他打电话给我时”是when he called me，组合得I was walking in the street when he called me. 4. “如果你不能迅速逃出去”是If you can't get out quickly，“躲在坚固的桌子下面”是祈使句hide under a strong table，组合得If you can't get out quickly, hide under a strong table. 5. “我们应该阻止司机使用手机”是We should prevent drivers from using their phones，“在驾驶的时候”是while driving，组合得We should prevent drivers from using their phones while driving.
【答案】1. My brother never runs away from problems. 2. He covered his mouth with a wet cloth as soon as possible. 3. I was walking in the street when he called me. 4. If you can't get out quickly, hide under a strong table. 5. We should prevent drivers from using their phones while driving.
【知识点】英语句子翻译、动词短语搭配、时态运用
【点评】本题为基础汉译英练习，考察常用动词短语、基本时态和句型的运用，是英语学习的核心基础题型，需熟练掌握核心表达。
【难度系数】0.6
五、词汇运用。
主题群:灾害防范
子主题:人身安全与自我保护
语篇类型:记叙文
难度:★★
A thunderstorm was raging outside, but I 1.
A few people were watching outside. For a moment, I stood with them and watched my house 7.
The next time I saw my house was on the news and that was when I 8.
9.
The firemen said the stairs and roof could come down, but I carefully went up to my bedroom 10.
主题群:灾害防范
子主题:人身安全与自我保护
语篇类型:记叙文
难度:★★
A thunderstorm was raging outside, but I 1.
was watching
(watch) a TV drama on my sofa with my cat, warm and safe. 2. Suddenly
(sudden) I heard a loud noise and the room went dark. I thought it was a power cut. But then I found my house was on fire. I 3. called
(call) the firemen. I wasn't afraid until I couldn't find my cat. I was anxiously(焦急地) searching for it, but it was too dark. For the 4. first
(one) time I felt very afraid. 5. Luckily
(luck), I found it by the back door soon. I picked it up and 6. rushed
(rush) out. We were both shaking.A few people were watching outside. For a moment, I stood with them and watched my house 7.
burning
(burn). I rang my parents, who came over and drove me away.The next time I saw my house was on the news and that was when I 8.
finally
(final) found out what had happened: My house had been hit by lightning.9.
Later
(late) that morning I went back to the remains(残骸) of my house. The walls and the ceiling were still there, but everything was black and damaged.The firemen said the stairs and roof could come down, but I carefully went up to my bedroom 10.
to save
(save) what I could.答案：1. was watching 2. Suddenly 3. called 4. first
5. Luckily 6. rushed 7. burning 8. finally 9. Later
10. to save
5. Luckily 6. rushed 7. burning 8. finally 9. Later
10. to save
解析：
【分析】
本题为记叙文语境下的词汇运用题，需结合语法规则和上下文语境填写所给词的正确形式。解题思路如下：
1. 第1空：需体现过去某时刻正在进行的动作，用过去进行时；
2. 第2空：需修饰整个句子，用形容词sudden的副词形式；
3. 第3空：描述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时；
4. 第4空：固定搭配“for the first time”需用序数词；
5. 第5空：修饰整个句子，用名词luck的副词形式；
6. 第6空：与前面的picked并列作谓语，时态为一般过去时；
7. 第7空：固定搭配“watch sth doing sth”需用现在分词；
8. 第8空：修饰动词短语，用形容词final的副词形式；
9. 第9空：表示时间“后来”，用副词later；
10. 第10空：表目的，用动词不定式作目的状语。
【解析】
1. 由前句过去进行时的语境可知，此处描述雷暴时正在进行的动作，故填was watching；
2. 此处需副词修饰整个句子，sudden的副词为Suddenly，句首大写，故填Suddenly；
3. 全文为一般过去时，call的过去式为called，故填called；
4. 固定搭配“for the first time”（第一次），one的序数词为first，故填first；
5. 此处需副词修饰整个句子，luck的副词为Luckily，句首大写，故填Luckily；
6. 与picked并列作谓语，时态为一般过去时，rush的过去式为rushed，故填rushed；
7. 固定搭配“watch sth doing sth”表示看某物正在做某事，故填burning；
8. 此处需副词修饰found out，final的副词为finally，故填finally；
9. 此处表示“那天晚些时候”，用副词Later，句首大写，故填Later；
10. 此处表目的，用动词不定式作目的状语，故填to save。
【答案】
1. was watching 2. Suddenly 3. called 4. first 5. Luckily 6. rushed 7. burning 8. finally 9. Later 10. to save
【知识点】
动词时态、副词用法、非谓语动词
【点评】
本题结合灾害防范主题的记叙文语境，考查基础词形变化与语法知识，难度适中，需结合上下文和固定搭配解题，适合初中阶段学生巩固词汇运用能力。
【难度系数】
0.5
本题为记叙文语境下的词汇运用题，需结合语法规则和上下文语境填写所给词的正确形式。解题思路如下：
1. 第1空：需体现过去某时刻正在进行的动作，用过去进行时；
2. 第2空：需修饰整个句子，用形容词sudden的副词形式；
3. 第3空：描述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时；
4. 第4空：固定搭配“for the first time”需用序数词；
5. 第5空：修饰整个句子，用名词luck的副词形式；
6. 第6空：与前面的picked并列作谓语，时态为一般过去时；
7. 第7空：固定搭配“watch sth doing sth”需用现在分词；
8. 第8空：修饰动词短语，用形容词final的副词形式；
9. 第9空：表示时间“后来”，用副词later；
10. 第10空：表目的，用动词不定式作目的状语。
【解析】
1. 由前句过去进行时的语境可知，此处描述雷暴时正在进行的动作，故填was watching；
2. 此处需副词修饰整个句子，sudden的副词为Suddenly，句首大写，故填Suddenly；
3. 全文为一般过去时，call的过去式为called，故填called；
4. 固定搭配“for the first time”（第一次），one的序数词为first，故填first；
5. 此处需副词修饰整个句子，luck的副词为Luckily，句首大写，故填Luckily；
6. 与picked并列作谓语，时态为一般过去时，rush的过去式为rushed，故填rushed；
7. 固定搭配“watch sth doing sth”表示看某物正在做某事，故填burning；
8. 此处需副词修饰found out，final的副词为finally，故填finally；
9. 此处表示“那天晚些时候”，用副词Later，句首大写，故填Later；
10. 此处表目的，用动词不定式作目的状语，故填to save。
【答案】
1. was watching 2. Suddenly 3. called 4. first 5. Luckily 6. rushed 7. burning 8. finally 9. Later 10. to save
【知识点】
动词时态、副词用法、非谓语动词
【点评】
本题结合灾害防范主题的记叙文语境，考查基础词形变化与语法知识，难度适中，需结合上下文和固定搭配解题，适合初中阶段学生巩固词汇运用能力。
【难度系数】
0.5
六、阅读理解。
主题群:灾害防范
子主题:自然灾害与防范措施
语篇类型:说明文
难度:★★
No matter where you live, you may hear about the natural disasters. They bring many serious problems to people in disaster areas. People become ill and homeless and some of them even die in the disasters.
Japan is located in East Asia. It has many islands. Lots of rain falls in Japan each year, especially in summer. There is a rainy season in early summer, and typhoons hit parts of the country every year during late summer.
The heavy rain usually destroys the plants. What's worse, the rain usually causes huge floods. Floods in Japan can take away many things, including many people's lives. A Japanese housing developer recently invented a "flood-resistant house". It can remain waterproof during floods.
Because of floods, the loss of housing is a difficult problem all over the world. While engineers are trying to find solutions, few ways are useful. The Japanese housing developer told the public that he had come up with an idea. It can keep people's homes from getting flooded. The new "flood-resistant house" was recently on a popular Japanese TV show and received much attention online.
According to engineers, most houses will be flooded when water reaches the windows. But the "flood-resistant house" can float up to five metres above the ground, so water will not reach the windows.
1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A. Natural disasters bring people much trouble.
B. Natural disasters may happen everywhere.
C. Natural disasters always make people ill.
D. Natural disasters can be heard every day.
2. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Typhoons hit parts of Japan in early summer.
B. The floods mainly happen in Japan in autumn.
C. Japan has only one island.
D. The heavy rain causes floods in Japan in summer.
3. What can we infer from the passage?
A. The "flood-resistant house" can fly high up into the sky.
B. The "flood-resistant house" is popular all around the world.
C. Japanese people might build more "flood-resistant houses".
D. Japanese engineers are living in the "flood-resistant house".
主题群:灾害防范
子主题:自然灾害与防范措施
语篇类型:说明文
难度:★★
No matter where you live, you may hear about the natural disasters. They bring many serious problems to people in disaster areas. People become ill and homeless and some of them even die in the disasters.
Japan is located in East Asia. It has many islands. Lots of rain falls in Japan each year, especially in summer. There is a rainy season in early summer, and typhoons hit parts of the country every year during late summer.
The heavy rain usually destroys the plants. What's worse, the rain usually causes huge floods. Floods in Japan can take away many things, including many people's lives. A Japanese housing developer recently invented a "flood-resistant house". It can remain waterproof during floods.
Because of floods, the loss of housing is a difficult problem all over the world. While engineers are trying to find solutions, few ways are useful. The Japanese housing developer told the public that he had come up with an idea. It can keep people's homes from getting flooded. The new "flood-resistant house" was recently on a popular Japanese TV show and received much attention online.
According to engineers, most houses will be flooded when water reaches the windows. But the "flood-resistant house" can float up to five metres above the ground, so water will not reach the windows.
1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A. Natural disasters bring people much trouble.
B. Natural disasters may happen everywhere.
C. Natural disasters always make people ill.
D. Natural disasters can be heard every day.
2. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Typhoons hit parts of Japan in early summer.
B. The floods mainly happen in Japan in autumn.
C. Japan has only one island.
D. The heavy rain causes floods in Japan in summer.
3. What can we infer from the passage?
A. The "flood-resistant house" can fly high up into the sky.
B. The "flood-resistant house" is popular all around the world.
C. Japanese people might build more "flood-resistant houses".
D. Japanese engineers are living in the "flood-resistant house".
答案：[语篇解读] 日本由于地理位置和气候原因,经常遭受暴雨和洪水的侵袭,由此带来了一些问题。同时,文章还提到了一位日本房屋开发商发明的"抗洪房屋",并对其特点和功能进行了说明。
1. A 段落大意题。根据第一段中"They bring many serious problems to people in disaster areas. People become ill and homeless and some of them even die in the disasters."可知,自然灾害给灾区的人们带来了许多严重的问题,如生病、无家可归,甚至死亡。
2. D
3. C 推理判断题。根据"But the 'flood-resistant house' can float up to five metres above the ground, so water will not reach the windows."以及文中提到的日本存在的洪水问题,可推测日本人民可能会建造更多"抗洪房屋"。
1. A 段落大意题。根据第一段中"They bring many serious problems to people in disaster areas. People become ill and homeless and some of them even die in the disasters."可知,自然灾害给灾区的人们带来了许多严重的问题,如生病、无家可归,甚至死亡。
2. D
3. C 推理判断题。根据"But the 'flood-resistant house' can float up to five metres above the ground, so water will not reach the windows."以及文中提到的日本存在的洪水问题,可推测日本人民可能会建造更多"抗洪房屋"。
解析：
【分析】
做本题时，需先明确各题题型：第1题是段落大意题，需定位第一段核心内容；第2题是细节理解题，需将每个选项与原文细节逐一比对；第3题是推理判断题，需结合原文信息合理推断，排除无依据或错误选项。
【解析】
1. 第1题（段落大意题）：第一段核心句为“They bring many serious problems to people in disaster areas. People become ill and homeless and some of them even die in the disasters.”，明确说明自然灾害给人们带来诸多麻烦，对应选项A。B选项“自然灾害可能发生在各地”并非第一段主旨；C选项“自然灾害总是让人患病”只是问题之一，表述片面；D选项“自然灾害每天都能听到”与原文“No matter where you live, you may hear about”不符，故选A。
2. 第2题（细节理解题）：A选项“台风在初夏袭击日本部分地区”，原文提到“typhoons hit parts of the country every year during late summer”，时间错误；B选项“洪水主要在日本秋天发生”，原文未提及秋天，错误；C选项“日本只有一个岛”，原文“It has many islands”，错误；D选项“日本夏季暴雨引发洪水”，对应原文“The heavy rain usually causes huge floods”，正确，故选D。
3. 第3题（推理判断题）：A选项“抗洪房屋能飞上天”，原文是“float up to five metres above the ground”，并非飞上天，错误；B选项“抗洪房屋在全世界流行”，原文仅提到在日本受关注，无全球流行依据，错误；C选项“日本人可能建造更多抗洪房屋”，结合日本洪水问题及该房屋的防洪功能，合理推断，正确；D选项“日本工程师住在抗洪房屋里”，原文是开发商发明，错误，故选C。
【答案】
1.A 2.D 3.C
【知识点】
英语阅读理解、段落大意题、细节理解题
【点评】
本文围绕自然灾害与防范措施展开，题目类型全面，需学生精准抓取原文信息，区分选项中的细节偏差，掌握不同题型的解题方法，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.6
做本题时，需先明确各题题型：第1题是段落大意题，需定位第一段核心内容；第2题是细节理解题，需将每个选项与原文细节逐一比对；第3题是推理判断题，需结合原文信息合理推断，排除无依据或错误选项。
【解析】
1. 第1题（段落大意题）：第一段核心句为“They bring many serious problems to people in disaster areas. People become ill and homeless and some of them even die in the disasters.”，明确说明自然灾害给人们带来诸多麻烦，对应选项A。B选项“自然灾害可能发生在各地”并非第一段主旨；C选项“自然灾害总是让人患病”只是问题之一，表述片面；D选项“自然灾害每天都能听到”与原文“No matter where you live, you may hear about”不符，故选A。
2. 第2题（细节理解题）：A选项“台风在初夏袭击日本部分地区”，原文提到“typhoons hit parts of the country every year during late summer”，时间错误；B选项“洪水主要在日本秋天发生”，原文未提及秋天，错误；C选项“日本只有一个岛”，原文“It has many islands”，错误；D选项“日本夏季暴雨引发洪水”，对应原文“The heavy rain usually causes huge floods”，正确，故选D。
3. 第3题（推理判断题）：A选项“抗洪房屋能飞上天”，原文是“float up to five metres above the ground”，并非飞上天，错误；B选项“抗洪房屋在全世界流行”，原文仅提到在日本受关注，无全球流行依据，错误；C选项“日本人可能建造更多抗洪房屋”，结合日本洪水问题及该房屋的防洪功能，合理推断，正确；D选项“日本工程师住在抗洪房屋里”，原文是开发商发明，错误，故选C。
【答案】
1.A 2.D 3.C
【知识点】
英语阅读理解、段落大意题、细节理解题
【点评】
本文围绕自然灾害与防范措施展开，题目类型全面，需学生精准抓取原文信息，区分选项中的细节偏差，掌握不同题型的解题方法，难度适中。
【难度系数】
0.6