$ (1)$解:相等。证明:
∵$CD\perp AB,$$BE\perp AC,$∴$∠BDC=∠CDA=∠BEA = 90°$
∴$∠A+∠DCA = 90°,$$∠A+∠ABE = 90°,$∴$∠ABE=∠DCA$
又∵$∠ABC = 45°,$∴易得$∠BCD=∠ABC = 45°,$∴$DC = DB$
在$\triangle DBH$和$\triangle DCA$中
$\begin {cases}∠DBH=∠DCA \\DB = DC\\∠BDH=∠CDA\end {cases}$
∴$\triangle DBH≌\triangle DCA(AS A),$∴$BH = CA$
$ (2)$证明:如图,连接$CG$
∵$F $为$BC$的中点,$DB = DC,$∴$DF $垂直平分$BC,$∴$BG = CG$
∵$BE\perp AC,$∴$∠BEA=∠BEC = 90°$
在$\triangle ABE$和$\triangle CBE$中
$\begin {cases}∠ABE=∠CBE \\BE = BE\\∠BEA=∠BEC\end {cases}$
∴$\triangle ABE≌\triangle CBE(AS A),$∴$EA = EC$
∵在$Rt\triangle CGE$中,由勾股定理,得$CG^2-GE^2=EC^2$
∴$BG^2-GE^2=EA^2$