解:短路位置到甲地的两段输电线的总电阻$R = \frac{U}{I} = \frac{2.0\mathrm{V}}{80\times10^{-3}\mathrm{A}} = 25\Omega,$因$10\mathrm{km}$输电线的电阻为$100\Omega,$且电阻和长度成正比,所以,短路处距甲地的输电线总长度$L = \frac{25\Omega}{100\Omega}×10\mathrm{km} = 2.5\mathrm{km},$则短路位置距甲地的距离$s = \frac{1}{2}×L = \frac{1}{2}×2.5\mathrm{km} = 1.25\mathrm{km}$