解:$(1)$∵点$P $在$y$轴上,∴$a - 2 = 0,$解得$a = 2$
$ $则$2a + 8 = 2×2 + 8 = 12,$∴$P(0,$$12)$
$ (2)$∵$PQ// y$轴,∴$a - 2 = 1,$解得$a = 3$
$ $则$2a + 8 = 2×3 + 8 = 14,$∴$P(1,$$14)$
$ (3)$∵点$P $到$x$轴、$y$轴距离相等
∴$\vert a - 2\vert =\vert 2a + 8\vert$
$ $当$a - 2 = 2a + 8$时,解得$a=-10,$此时$P(-12,$$-12)$
$ $当$a - 2=-(2a + 8)$时,解得$a=-2,$此时$P(-4,$$4)$