五、根据短文意思和首字母提示,写出一个完整正确的单词。
Each country has many kinds of people who volunteer to take care of others. For example, some high school and university students in America often spend many hours being volunteers in h 1 or old people's homes. In a 2 to reading books to the people there, they also visit them or listen to their problems.
Other young volunteers work in the homes of people who are s 3 . They clean up or do the shopping to help them d 4 . For boys who don't have fathers, there is an o 5 called Big Brothers. It a 6 to help these boys grow up well. University students and other people take these boys to baseball games and help them to get to know things that boys u 7 learn from their fathers.
Each city has a lot of clubs where boys and girls can go to play games or take part in other a 8 . Some of these clubs show movies or have short trips to the mountains, the beaches or the museums. Most of these clubs use a lot of high school and university students as volunteers because they are young enough to r 9 the problems of younger boys and girls much more easily.
Volunteers believe that the happiest people in the world are those who help to bring h 10 to others.
1.
6.
Each country has many kinds of people who volunteer to take care of others. For example, some high school and university students in America often spend many hours being volunteers in h 1 or old people's homes. In a 2 to reading books to the people there, they also visit them or listen to their problems.
Other young volunteers work in the homes of people who are s 3 . They clean up or do the shopping to help them d 4 . For boys who don't have fathers, there is an o 5 called Big Brothers. It a 6 to help these boys grow up well. University students and other people take these boys to baseball games and help them to get to know things that boys u 7 learn from their fathers.
Each city has a lot of clubs where boys and girls can go to play games or take part in other a 8 . Some of these clubs show movies or have short trips to the mountains, the beaches or the museums. Most of these clubs use a lot of high school and university students as volunteers because they are young enough to r 9 the problems of younger boys and girls much more easily.
Volunteers believe that the happiest people in the world are those who help to bring h 10 to others.
1.
hospitals
2. addition
3. sick
4. directly
5. organization
6.
aims
7. usually
8. activities
9. remember
10. happiness
答案：1. hospitals 2. addition 3. sick 4. directly
5. organization 6. aims 7. usually 8. activities
9. remember 10. happiness
5. organization 6. aims 7. usually 8. activities
9. remember 10. happiness
解析：
【分析】
这是一篇围绕志愿者主题的首字母短文填空题，解题时首先通读全文，把握文章介绍美国各类志愿者服务场景的整体语境，之后逐空结合前后文逻辑、固定搭配、首字母提示，同时兼顾单词的词性、单复数、时态等语法变形规则推导答案：先定位每空所在位置的前后提示，比如并列的服务场所、固定介词搭配、修饰成分的词性要求，再匹配对应首字母的合适单词，最后校验语法和语境是否通顺。
【解析】
1. 此处和后文old people's homes并列，属于志愿者开展服务的场所，用复数形式泛指多所医院，填hospitals；
2. 固定搭配in addition to意为“除……之外（还有）”，符合“除了给那里的人读书，他们还会探望对方、倾听他们的困扰”的语境，填addition；
3. 此处修饰名词people，后文提到志愿者上门为他们打扫、购物，对应行动不便的患病人群，填sick；
4. 此处修饰动作，指志愿者直接上门为他们提供帮扶，用副词形式，填directly；
5. 后文Big Brothers是专门为没有父亲的男孩设立的公益机构，空前有不定冠词an，填可数名词单数organization；
6. 此处作句子谓语，主语it指代前文的Big Brothers这个组织，固定搭配aim to do sth意为“旨在做某事”，主语是第三人称单数，谓语做对应变形，填aims；
7. 此处作状语修饰动词learn，指男孩们通常会从父亲那里习得相关的事物，填频度副词usually；
8. 前文take part in意为“参加”，此处指代参与各类项目活动，other后接可数名词复数，填activities；
9. 固定结构be enough to do sth，此处指年轻的志愿者足够贴近低龄群体，能更容易记住低龄男孩女孩的问题，填动词原形remember；
10. 此处作bring的宾语，指志愿者认为给他人带去幸福的人是世界上最快乐的人，用名词形式，填happiness。
【答案】
1. hospitals 2. addition 3. sick 4. directly 5. organization 6. aims 7. usually 8. activities 9. remember 10. happiness
【知识点】
首字母短文填空；固定短语搭配；词性辨析
【点评】
本题贴合生活实际，既考察学生对上下文语境的逻辑理解能力，也考察初中阶段常见固定搭配、词性转换、名词单复数/动词第三人称单数变形的掌握情况，解题时要注意不要脱离全文主题凭空猜词，同时要留意语法细节避免形式写错丢分。
【难度系数】
0.6
这是一篇围绕志愿者主题的首字母短文填空题，解题时首先通读全文，把握文章介绍美国各类志愿者服务场景的整体语境，之后逐空结合前后文逻辑、固定搭配、首字母提示，同时兼顾单词的词性、单复数、时态等语法变形规则推导答案：先定位每空所在位置的前后提示，比如并列的服务场所、固定介词搭配、修饰成分的词性要求，再匹配对应首字母的合适单词，最后校验语法和语境是否通顺。
【解析】
1. 此处和后文old people's homes并列，属于志愿者开展服务的场所，用复数形式泛指多所医院，填hospitals；
2. 固定搭配in addition to意为“除……之外（还有）”，符合“除了给那里的人读书，他们还会探望对方、倾听他们的困扰”的语境，填addition；
3. 此处修饰名词people，后文提到志愿者上门为他们打扫、购物，对应行动不便的患病人群，填sick；
4. 此处修饰动作，指志愿者直接上门为他们提供帮扶，用副词形式，填directly；
5. 后文Big Brothers是专门为没有父亲的男孩设立的公益机构，空前有不定冠词an，填可数名词单数organization；
6. 此处作句子谓语，主语it指代前文的Big Brothers这个组织，固定搭配aim to do sth意为“旨在做某事”，主语是第三人称单数，谓语做对应变形，填aims；
7. 此处作状语修饰动词learn，指男孩们通常会从父亲那里习得相关的事物，填频度副词usually；
8. 前文take part in意为“参加”，此处指代参与各类项目活动，other后接可数名词复数，填activities；
9. 固定结构be enough to do sth，此处指年轻的志愿者足够贴近低龄群体，能更容易记住低龄男孩女孩的问题，填动词原形remember；
10. 此处作bring的宾语，指志愿者认为给他人带去幸福的人是世界上最快乐的人，用名词形式，填happiness。
【答案】
1. hospitals 2. addition 3. sick 4. directly 5. organization 6. aims 7. usually 8. activities 9. remember 10. happiness
【知识点】
首字母短文填空；固定短语搭配；词性辨析
【点评】
本题贴合生活实际，既考察学生对上下文语境的逻辑理解能力，也考察初中阶段常见固定搭配、词性转换、名词单复数/动词第三人称单数变形的掌握情况，解题时要注意不要脱离全文主题凭空猜词，同时要留意语法细节避免形式写错丢分。
【难度系数】
0.6
六、热点素材 阅读理解。
At 11:44 p. m. , on October 31, 2025, Shenzhou-21 was successfully launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre. Carried by the Long March 2F Y21 carrier rocket, the spaceship entered its predetermined orbit(预定轨道) about 10 minutes later, with astronauts Zhang Lu, Wu Fei, and Zhang Hongzhang in good condition. This was the 37th flight mission of China's manned space programme(载人航
A major highlight was its ultra-fast autonomous rendezvous and docking(自主交会对接). At 3:22 on November 1, only about 3. 5 hours after the launch, the spaceship docked with the Tianhe core module(天和
Soon after, the 7th "space meeting" in China's aerospace history happened. The Shenzhou-21 crew met the Shenzhou-20 crew, who had been on orbit for over 180 days. They conducted a 5-day in-orbit handover(在轨交接), including file and equipment transfer, ensuring the space station's stable operation.
During their stay, the crew completed many scientific projects, including China's first in-orbit rodent mammal experiment(在轨啮齿类哺乳动物实验) to support long-term manned spaceflight(长期载人航天). They also installed space debris protection devices(空间碎片防护装置) and performed extravehicular activities(出舱活动) for equipment maintenance. The rocket had nearly 20 technical improvements, and the return capsule(返回舱) was optimized to enhance load capacity.
As a key mission in the space station's application phase, Shenzhou-21 improves the station's operation capability and accumulates experience for future tasks. It showcases China's growing aerospace strength and inspires people to pursue dreams in science and space exploration.
(
A. About 10 minutes. B. About 3. 5 hours.
C. 5 days. D. Over 180 days.
(
A. It has no room for further improvement.
B. It is developing rapidly and has strong strength.
C. It only focuses on manned space missions.
D. It has never set any records in space technology.
(
A. Completing many scientific projects including a rodent mammal experiment.
B. Installing space debris protection devices outside the station.
C. Conducting a 5-day in-orbit handover with Shenzhou-20 crew.
D. Making nearly 20 technical improvements to the rocket.
(
A. ①/②③④/⑤ B. ①②/③④/⑤ C. ①/②③/④⑤ D. ①②③/④/⑤
(
A. Astronauts preparing for space missions.
B. Middle school students interested in space.
C. Scientists researching rocket technology.
D. Engineers designing space stations.
At 11:44 p. m. , on October 31, 2025, Shenzhou-21 was successfully launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre. Carried by the Long March 2F Y21 carrier rocket, the spaceship entered its predetermined orbit(预定轨道) about 10 minutes later, with astronauts Zhang Lu, Wu Fei, and Zhang Hongzhang in good condition. This was the 37th flight mission of China's manned space programme(载人航
天
工程) and the final manned mission of 2025, marking solid progress in China's aerospace cause(航天事业).A major highlight was its ultra-fast autonomous rendezvous and docking(自主交会对接). At 3:22 on November 1, only about 3. 5 hours after the launch, the spaceship docked with the Tianhe core module(天和
核
心舱) of China's space station. This set a new record for China's manned space missions, showing the maturity of its docking technology. The scheme balanced efficiency and safety, greatly improving the space station's in-orbit operation efficiency(在轨运行效率).Soon after, the 7th "space meeting" in China's aerospace history happened. The Shenzhou-21 crew met the Shenzhou-20 crew, who had been on orbit for over 180 days. They conducted a 5-day in-orbit handover(在轨交接), including file and equipment transfer, ensuring the space station's stable operation.
During their stay, the crew completed many scientific projects, including China's first in-orbit rodent mammal experiment(在轨啮齿类哺乳动物实验) to support long-term manned spaceflight(长期载人航天). They also installed space debris protection devices(空间碎片防护装置) and performed extravehicular activities(出舱活动) for equipment maintenance. The rocket had nearly 20 technical improvements, and the return capsule(返回舱) was optimized to enhance load capacity.
As a key mission in the space station's application phase, Shenzhou-21 improves the station's operation capability and accumulates experience for future tasks. It showcases China's growing aerospace strength and inspires people to pursue dreams in science and space exploration.
(
B
)1. How long did it take Shenzhou-21 to dock with the Tianhe core module after the launch?A. About 10 minutes. B. About 3. 5 hours.
C. 5 days. D. Over 180 days.
(
B
)2. What can we infer from the passage about China's aerospace industry?A. It has no room for further improvement.
B. It is developing rapidly and has strong strength.
C. It only focuses on manned space missions.
D. It has never set any records in space technology.
(
D
)3. Which of the following is NOT part of the Shenzhou-21 crew's in-orbit tasks?A. Completing many scientific projects including a rodent mammal experiment.
B. Installing space debris protection devices outside the station.
C. Conducting a 5-day in-orbit handover with Shenzhou-20 crew.
D. Making nearly 20 technical improvements to the rocket.
(
A
)4. 新考法 What is the structure of the passage?A. ①/②③④/⑤ B. ①②/③④/⑤ C. ①/②③/④⑤ D. ①②③/④/⑤
(
B
)5. 新考法 Who is the passage most likely written for?A. Astronauts preparing for space missions.
B. Middle school students interested in space.
C. Scientists researching rocket technology.
D. Engineers designing space stations.
答案：1. B 【点拨】根据文章第二段第二句"At 3:22 on
November 1, only about 3.5 hours after the launch,
the spaceship docked with the Tianhe core module(天
和核心舱)of China's space station."可知选B。
2. B 【点拨】根据文章最后一段中的"It showcases
China's growing aerospace strength"可知,中国航天实
力不断增强,发展迅速。故选B。
3. D 【点拨】根据文章第三、四段可知,乘组的任务包括
"完成多项科学项目(包含啮齿类哺乳动物实验)"
(A选项)、"安装空间碎片防护装置"(B选项)、"与神
舟二十号乘组进行为期5天的在轨交接"(C选项)。
D选项"对火箭进行近20项技术改进"在第四段最后
一句提及,但主语是"The rocket"(火箭),并非乘组的
在轨任务,而是发射前的技术优化。故选D。
4. A 【点拨】第一段介绍神舟二十一号的基本信息;第
二段讲核心亮点(快速对接)、第三段讲太空会面与在
轨交接、第四段讲在轨任务,这三段均为具体任务细
节;第五段总结任务意义。因此结构为"总起—分述—
总结"。故选A。
5. B 【点拨】文章语言简洁,术语配中文注释,内容涵盖
发射、任务、意义等基础信息,无过于专业的深度研究
内容,适合对太空感兴趣的中学生阅读。故选B。
November 1, only about 3.5 hours after the launch,
the spaceship docked with the Tianhe core module(天
和核心舱)of China's space station."可知选B。
2. B 【点拨】根据文章最后一段中的"It showcases
China's growing aerospace strength"可知,中国航天实
力不断增强,发展迅速。故选B。
3. D 【点拨】根据文章第三、四段可知,乘组的任务包括
"完成多项科学项目(包含啮齿类哺乳动物实验)"
(A选项)、"安装空间碎片防护装置"(B选项)、"与神
舟二十号乘组进行为期5天的在轨交接"(C选项)。
D选项"对火箭进行近20项技术改进"在第四段最后
一句提及,但主语是"The rocket"(火箭),并非乘组的
在轨任务,而是发射前的技术优化。故选D。
4. A 【点拨】第一段介绍神舟二十一号的基本信息;第
二段讲核心亮点(快速对接)、第三段讲太空会面与在
轨交接、第四段讲在轨任务,这三段均为具体任务细
节;第五段总结任务意义。因此结构为"总起—分述—
总结"。故选A。
5. B 【点拨】文章语言简洁,术语配中文注释,内容涵盖
发射、任务、意义等基础信息,无过于专业的深度研究
内容,适合对太空感兴趣的中学生阅读。故选B。
解析：
【分析】
这是一篇以神舟二十一号发射为主题的科普类阅读理解，解题时可以按照以下思路推进：1. 先快速通读全文，大致了解文章围绕神舟二十一号的发射、核心技术亮点、在轨任务、任务意义展开的整体脉络；2. 针对细节类题目，直接提取题干中的关键词返回原文定位对应语句，比对选项和原文表述的匹配度，注意选非题要区分动作的主体是否符合题干要求；3. 针对推断类题目，结合全文主旨和原文给出的明确信息，排除明显不符合逻辑的错误选项；4. 针对篇章结构题，逐段概括每段的核心大意，梳理段落之间的逻辑关系，划分出总起-分述-总结的结构；5. 针对判断目标读者的题目，结合文本的语言难度、内容深浅、是否有注释等特征，匹配对应的受众群体。
【解析】
1. 细节理解题：根据原文第二段第二句"At 3:22 on November 1, only about 3.5 hours after the launch, the spaceship docked with the Tianhe core module of China's space station"，可知神舟二十一号发射后大约3.5小时就和天和核心舱完成对接，对应选项B。
2. 推理判断题：根据全文最后一段"It showcases China's growing aerospace strength and inspires people to pursue dreams in science and space exploration"，结合文中提到的多项技术突破可知中国航天发展迅速、实力强劲；A选项“没有提升空间”、C选项“只专注载人任务”、D选项“从未创造纪录”均和原文表述矛盾，故选B。
3. 细节判断题（选非）：逐一核对选项：A选项的啮齿类哺乳动物实验、B选项的安装空间碎片防护装置、C选项的和神舟二十号乘组5天在轨交接，均属于航天员乘组的在轨任务；D选项的近20项技术改进的主体是火箭，属于发射前的优化工作，并非乘组在轨完成的任务，不符合题干要求，故选D。
4. 篇章结构题：第一段总起介绍神舟二十一号发射成功的基础信息，属于总起段；第二、三、四段分别介绍快速对接亮点、太空会面与在轨交接、各类在轨任务，属于分述具体细节的部分；第五段总结本次任务的意义和价值，属于总结段，整体结构为①/②③④/⑤，对应选项A。
5. 读者身份推断题：本文语言通俗易懂，专业术语都配有中文注释，内容以科普介绍基础航天事件为主，没有过于晦涩的专业研究内容，最适合对太空感兴趣的中学生阅读，其余选项的航天员、研究火箭的科学家、空间站设计师都不需要阅读这类科普向的基础内容，故选B。
【答案】
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B
【知识点】
阅读理解细节定位，篇章结构分析，文本信息推断
【点评】
本题结合我国最新的航天热点素材命题，贴合时事导向，覆盖了初中英语阅读理解常见的所有核心考点，其中新增的篇章结构判断、目标读者推断的考法，跳出了单纯考细节的固化模式，能有效锻炼学生对文本整体逻辑的把控能力，同时引导学生关注我国航天科技发展，兼具知识性和思想性。
【难度系数】
0.7
这是一篇以神舟二十一号发射为主题的科普类阅读理解，解题时可以按照以下思路推进：1. 先快速通读全文，大致了解文章围绕神舟二十一号的发射、核心技术亮点、在轨任务、任务意义展开的整体脉络；2. 针对细节类题目，直接提取题干中的关键词返回原文定位对应语句，比对选项和原文表述的匹配度，注意选非题要区分动作的主体是否符合题干要求；3. 针对推断类题目，结合全文主旨和原文给出的明确信息，排除明显不符合逻辑的错误选项；4. 针对篇章结构题，逐段概括每段的核心大意，梳理段落之间的逻辑关系，划分出总起-分述-总结的结构；5. 针对判断目标读者的题目，结合文本的语言难度、内容深浅、是否有注释等特征，匹配对应的受众群体。
【解析】
1. 细节理解题：根据原文第二段第二句"At 3:22 on November 1, only about 3.5 hours after the launch, the spaceship docked with the Tianhe core module of China's space station"，可知神舟二十一号发射后大约3.5小时就和天和核心舱完成对接，对应选项B。
2. 推理判断题：根据全文最后一段"It showcases China's growing aerospace strength and inspires people to pursue dreams in science and space exploration"，结合文中提到的多项技术突破可知中国航天发展迅速、实力强劲；A选项“没有提升空间”、C选项“只专注载人任务”、D选项“从未创造纪录”均和原文表述矛盾，故选B。
3. 细节判断题（选非）：逐一核对选项：A选项的啮齿类哺乳动物实验、B选项的安装空间碎片防护装置、C选项的和神舟二十号乘组5天在轨交接，均属于航天员乘组的在轨任务；D选项的近20项技术改进的主体是火箭，属于发射前的优化工作，并非乘组在轨完成的任务，不符合题干要求，故选D。
4. 篇章结构题：第一段总起介绍神舟二十一号发射成功的基础信息，属于总起段；第二、三、四段分别介绍快速对接亮点、太空会面与在轨交接、各类在轨任务，属于分述具体细节的部分；第五段总结本次任务的意义和价值，属于总结段，整体结构为①/②③④/⑤，对应选项A。
5. 读者身份推断题：本文语言通俗易懂，专业术语都配有中文注释，内容以科普介绍基础航天事件为主，没有过于晦涩的专业研究内容，最适合对太空感兴趣的中学生阅读，其余选项的航天员、研究火箭的科学家、空间站设计师都不需要阅读这类科普向的基础内容，故选B。
【答案】
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B
【知识点】
阅读理解细节定位，篇章结构分析，文本信息推断
【点评】
本题结合我国最新的航天热点素材命题，贴合时事导向，覆盖了初中英语阅读理解常见的所有核心考点，其中新增的篇章结构判断、目标读者推断的考法，跳出了单纯考细节的固化模式，能有效锻炼学生对文本整体逻辑的把控能力，同时引导学生关注我国航天科技发展，兼具知识性和思想性。
【难度系数】
0.7