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(1)解:对于$y = 2x - 4,$令$x = 0,$得$y = - 4;$令$y = 0,$得$2x - 4 = 0,$解得$x = 2。$
所以点$A$的坐标为$(2,0),$点$B$的坐标为$(0,-4)。$
因为$P$为线段$AB$的中点,所以点$P$的坐标为$(1,-2)。$
所以$d_{1}+d_{2}=3。$
(2)解:$d_{1}+d_{2}$的取值范围为$d_{1}+d_{2}\geq2。$
由题意,设点$P$的坐标为$(m,2m - 4)。$所以$d_{1}+d_{2}=\vert m\vert+\vert2m - 4\vert。$
当$0\leq m\leq2$时,$d_{1}+d_{2}=m + 4 - 2m = 4 - m。$令$4 - m = 3,$解得$m = 1。$此时点$P$的坐标为$(1,-2);$
当$m>2$时,$d_{1}+d_{2}=m + 2m - 4 = 3m - 4。$令$3m - 4 = 3,$解得$m = \frac{7}{3}。$此时点$P$的坐标为$(\frac{7}{3},\frac{2}{3});$
当$m<0$时,$d_{1}+d_{2}=-m + 4 - 2m = 4 - 3m。$令$4 - 3m = 3,$解得$m = \frac{1}{3},$不符合题意。
综上,当$d_{1}+d_{2}=3$时,点$P$的坐标为$(1,-2)$或$(\frac{7}{3},\frac{2}{3})。$
(3)解:由题意,设点$P$的坐标为$(t,2t - 4)。$所以$d_{1}=\vert2t - 4\vert,$$d_{2}=\vert t\vert。$
因为点$P$在线段$AB$上,所以$0\leq t\leq2,$即$d_{1}=4 - 2t,$$d_{2}=t。$
因为$d_{1}+ad_{2}=4,$所以$4 - 2t + at = 4,$即$(a - 2)t = 0。$
因为存在无数个点$P,$使$d_{1}+ad_{2}=4,$所以$a - 2 = 0,$解得$a = 2。$

(1)证明:因为$AC\perp BP,$所以$\angle ACP = 90^{\circ}。$所以$\angle PAC+\angle APC = 90^{\circ}。$
因为$\angle BOP = 90^{\circ},$所以$\angle PBO+\angle APC = 90^{\circ}。$所以$\angle PAC=\angle PBO。$
(2)解:因为点$A$的坐标为$(-4,0),$点$B$的坐标为$(0,4),$所以$OA = OB = 4。$
如图①,设$AC$与$y$轴交于点$H。$当$m = 3$时,点$P$的坐标为$(3,0),$所以$OP = 3。$
设直线$BP$的函数表达式为$y = k_{1}x + b_{1}。$把$B(0,4),$$P(3,0)$分别代入$y = k_{1}x + b_{1}$中,得$\begin{cases}b_{1}=4\\3k_{1}+b_{1}=0\end{cases},$解得$\begin{cases}k_{1}=-\frac{4}{3}\\b_{1}=4\end{cases},$
所以直线$BP$的函数表达式为$y = -\frac{4}{3}x + 4。$
由(1),得$\angle PAC = \angle PBO,$所以$\angle HAO = \angle PBO。$又$\angle AOH = \angle BOP = 90^{\circ},$所以$\triangle AOH\cong\triangle BOP$(ASA)。
所以$OH = OP = 3。$所以点$H$的坐标为$(0,3)。$
设直线$AC$的函数表达式为$y = k_{2}x + b_{2}。$把$A(-4,0),$$H(0,3)$分别代入$y = k_{2}x + b_{2}$中,得$\begin{cases}-4k_{2}+b_{2}=0\\b_{2}=3\end{cases},$解得$\begin{cases}k_{2}=\frac{3}{4}\\b_{2}=3\end{cases},$
所以直线$AC$的函数表达式为$y = \frac{3}{4}x + 3。$
联立方程组,得$\begin{cases}y = -\frac{4}{3}x + 4\\y = \frac{3}{4}x + 3\end{cases},$解得$\begin{cases}x = \frac{12}{25}\\y = \frac{84}{25}\end{cases},$
所以点$C$的坐标为$(\frac{12}{25},\frac{84}{25})。$
(3)①证明:如图①,当$0<m<4$时,过点$O$作$OE\perp AC$于点$E,$设$OD$与$BP$交于点$F。$
因为$O,$$D$两点关于直线$BP$对称,所以$OC = DC,$$OD\perp BP,$$\angle OCP = \angle DCP。$
由(2),得$\triangle AOH\cong\triangle BOP。$所以$AH = BP,$$S_{\triangle AOH}=S_{\triangle BOP}。$
所以$\frac{1}{2}AH\cdot OE = \frac{1}{2}BP\cdot OF,$即$OE = OF。$所以$CO$平分$\angle ACP。$
因为$AC\perp BP,$所以$\angle ACP = 90^{\circ},$即$\angle DCP = \angle OCP = \frac{1}{2}\angle ACP = 45^{\circ}。$
所以$\angle OCD = \angle OCP+\angle DCP = 90^{\circ}。$所以$\triangle OCD$为等腰直角三角形。
②解:当$0<m<4$时,$AC = BC + OD;$当$m\geq4$时,$OD = AC + BC。$理由如下:
如图①,当$0<m<4$时,因为$OE\perp AC,$所以$\angle OEA = \angle OEC = 90^{\circ}。$
因为$O,$$D$两点关于直线$BP$对称,所以$OF = DF,$$OD\perp BP。$所以$F$是$OD$的中点,$\angle OFB = 90^{\circ}。$所以$\angle OEA = \angle OFB。$
由(3)①,得$\angle ACP = \angle OCD = 90^{\circ},$$OE = OF,$所以$CF = OF = DF = OE。$又$CO = CO,$所以$Rt\triangle ECO\cong Rt\triangle FCO$(HL)。所以$CE = CF。$所以$CE = OF。$
因为$\angle OAE = \angle OBF,$所以$\triangle AEO\cong\triangle BFO$(AAS)。所以$AE = BF。$
所以$AC = AE + CE = BF + OF = BC + CF + OF = BC + DF + OF = BC + OD;$
如图②,当$m\geq4$时,同理,得$AE = BF,$$CE = OF,$$CF = DF,$所以$OD = OF + DF = CE + CF = CE + BF + BC = CE + AE + BC = AC + BC。$
综上,当$0<m<4$时,$AC = BC + OD;$当$m\geq4$时,$OD = AC + BC。$