解:$(2)$由折叠的性质,得$AE = AC,$$DE = CD,$$∠AED=∠C$
∵$∠C = 2∠B,$∴$∠AED = 2∠B$
∵$∠AED=∠B+∠BDE,$∴$∠B=∠BDE$
∴$BE = DE,$即$BE = CD$
又$AB = AE + BE,$∴$AB = AC + CD$
$(3)$连接$PE,$$EC,$$EG$
由折叠的性质,得$AE = AC,$$PE = P C$
∴$PG + P C = PG + PE\geqslant EG,$即$PG + P C$的最小值为$EG $的长
∵$∠BAC = 60°,$∴$\triangle AEC$是等边三角形
∵$G $为$AC$的中点,$AG = 5,$∴$AE = AC = 2\ \mathrm {A}G = 10,$$EG\perp AC$
∴$∠AGE = 90°。$在$Rt\triangle AEG $中,由勾股定理,得$EG^2=AE^2-AG^2=75$
∴$(PG + P C)^2$的最小值为$75$