解:$(1)$解关于$m $的方程$\frac {1}{2}(m - 16)=-5,$
$ m - 16 = -10$
$ m = 6。$
$ $解关于$x$的方程$2(x - 3)-n = 3,$
$ 2x - 6 - n = 3$
$ 2x = n + 9$
$ x = \frac {n + 9}{2}。$
根据题意,得$\frac {n + 9}{2}=6,$
$ n + 9 = 12$
$ n = 3。$
$ $所以$m $的值为$6,$$n$的值为$3。$
$ (2)$由$(1),$得$AB = 6,$$\frac {AP}{PB}=3,$即$AP = 3PB。$
① 如图①,当点$P $在线段$AB$上时,$PB=\frac {1}{4}AB=\frac {1}{4}×6=\frac {3}{2}。$
$ $因为$Q $为$PB$的中点,所以$BQ=\frac {1}{2}PB=\frac {1}{2}×\frac {3}{2}=\frac {3}{4}。$
$ $所以$AQ = AB - BQ = 6 - \frac {3}{4}=\frac {21}{4}。$
② 如图②,当点$P $在线段$AB$的延长线上时,$PB=\frac {1}{2}AB=\frac {1}{2}×6 = 3。$
$ $因为$Q $为$PB$的中点,所以$BQ=\frac {1}{2}PB=\frac {1}{2}×3=\frac {3}{2}。$
$ $所以$AQ = AB + BQ = 6 + \frac {3}{2}=\frac {15}{2}。$
综上所述,线段$AQ $的长为$\frac {21}{4}$或$\frac {15}{2}。$
