解:$ (1)$如图,过点$B$作$BM\perp AD,$垂足为$M。$
由题意,得$AC\perp AD,$
∴$∠BMD=∠CAD=90°。$
∵$∠BDM=∠CDA,$
∴$\triangle BDM\sim \triangle CDA。$
∴$\frac {MB}{AC}=\frac {BD}{CD}。$
∵$CD=\frac {5}{2}BD,$$AC=6\ \mathrm {km},$
∴$MB=\frac {BD}{CD}×AC=\frac {2}{5}×6=\frac {12}{5}\mathrm {km}。$
$ $在$Rt\triangle AMB$中,$\sin ∠BAD=\mathrm {sin}37°=\frac {MB}{AB},$
∴$\frac {12}{5AB}≈\frac {3}{5},$解得$AB=4\ \mathrm {km}。$
答:岛$A$与港口$B$之间的距离为$4\ \mathrm {km}。$
$ (2)$在$Rt\triangle ABM$中,$\cos ∠BAM=\mathrm {cos}37°=\frac {AM}{AB},$
∴$AM=AB×\mathrm {cos}37°≈4×\frac {4}{5}=\frac {16}{5}\mathrm {km}。$
∵$\triangle BDM\sim \triangle CDA,$
∴$\frac {MD}{AD}=\frac {BD}{CD}=\frac {2}{5},$
∴$MD=\frac {2}{5}AD。$
∵$AM=AD-MD,$
∴$\frac {16}{5}=AD-\frac {2}{5}AD,$解得$AD=\frac {16}{3}\mathrm {km}。$
$ $在$Rt\triangle DAC$中,$\tan C=\frac {AD}{AC}=\frac {\frac {16}{3}}{6}=\frac {8}{9}。$