解:(1)把$A(1,5)$代入$y=2x+b,$得$5=2×1+b,$解得$b=3$
(2)$\because$点$B$的横坐标为$m,$$\therefore y=2m+3.$$\therefore B(m,2m+3).$
$\because$线段$AB$的最高点与最低点的纵坐标之差为6,$\therefore|5-(2m+3)|=6.$
$\therefore m=-2$或$m=4$
(3)$\because C(m+1,2m+2),$$\therefore$易知点$C$在直线$y=2x$上.
当点$C$在第三象限时,
根据题意,得$E(-m-1,-2m-2),$$D(m+1,-2m-2),$
且点$D$在直线$y=2x+3$上.
将$D(m+1,-2m-2)$代入$y=2x+3,$
得$-2m-2=2(m+1)+3,$解得$m=-\frac{7}{4}.$
当点$C$在第一象限时,同理可得,$m=-\frac{1}{4}.$
综上所述,$m$的值为$-\frac{7}{4}$或$-\frac{1}{4}$