(1)证明:$\because C$是$\overset{\frown}{BD}$的中点,$\therefore \overset{\frown}{CD}=\overset{\frown}{BC}。$
$\because AB$是$\odot O$的直径,且$CF⊥ AB,$$\therefore \overset{\frown}{BC}=\overset{\frown}{BF},$
$\therefore \overset{\frown}{CD}=\overset{\frown}{BF},$$\therefore CD=BF。$
$\because \overset{\frown}{BC}=\overset{\frown}{BC},$$\therefore ∠ BFG=∠ CDG。$
在$△ BFG$和$△ CDG$中,
$\begin{cases} ∠ FGB=∠ DGC,\\ ∠ BFG=∠ CDG,\\ BF=CD, \end{cases}$
$\therefore △ BFG≌△ CDG(\mathrm{AAS})。$
(2)解:连接OF,设$\odot O$的半径为r。
$\because AB$是$\odot O$的直径,$\therefore ∠ ADB=90°,$
$\therefore$ 在$\mathrm{Rt}△ ADB$中,$BD^2=AB^2-AD^2,$即$BD^2=(2r)^2-2^2。$
$\because CF⊥ AB,$$\therefore CF=2EF。$
在$\mathrm{Rt}△ OEF$中,$OF^2=OE^2+EF^2,$即$EF^2=r^2-(r-2)^2。$
$\because \overset{\frown}{CD}=\overset{\frown}{BC}=\overset{\frown}{BF},$$\therefore \overset{\frown}{BD}=\overset{\frown}{CF},$$\therefore BD=CF,$
$\therefore BD^2=CF^2=(2EF)^2=4EF^2,$即$(2r)^2-2^2=4[r^2-(r-2)^2],$
解得$r_1=1$(不合题意,舍去),$r_2=3。$
$\therefore$ 在$\mathrm{Rt}△ EFB$中,$BF^2=EF^2+BE^2=3^2-(3-2)^2+2^2=12,$
$\therefore BF=2\sqrt{3}。$