C(2025·天津改编)
Today the earth is getting warmer and warmer. But hundreds of years ago, people had a different problem—a 400-year cold p 1! From the 1400s to the 1800s, winters in the northern half of the earth were c 2 and longer than they are now. Scientists c 3 this time the “Little Ice Age”(小冰期).
The colder weather b 4 many serious problems. Plants died of cold and illness spread among people. People had to spend a lot more time collecting wood for fires to keep their house warm. And sometimes, a h 5 piece of ice would slide down(滑落)a mountain and destroy(摧毁)some villages.
Scientists think the Little Ice Age was caused by forces(力量)that people could not control. One cause(起因), in their opinion, was the sun. The sun often has “storms” of energy called sunspots(太阳黑子). During the Little Ice Age, there were fewer sunspots than there are t 6. With fewer sunspots, the sun was giving out less e 7 which made the earth warm. Volcanic eruption(火山爆发)was probably a 8 natural cause. During the Little Ice Age, many volcanoes erupted. Their dust(灰尘)might stop the sun's l 9 and heat from reaching the earth.
Today we are seeing the influences of rising temperature. Scientists think people are causing this change by b 10 a lot of coal and oil. So we need to change our way of living.
1.
6.
Today the earth is getting warmer and warmer. But hundreds of years ago, people had a different problem—a 400-year cold p 1! From the 1400s to the 1800s, winters in the northern half of the earth were c 2 and longer than they are now. Scientists c 3 this time the “Little Ice Age”(小冰期).
The colder weather b 4 many serious problems. Plants died of cold and illness spread among people. People had to spend a lot more time collecting wood for fires to keep their house warm. And sometimes, a h 5 piece of ice would slide down(滑落)a mountain and destroy(摧毁)some villages.
Scientists think the Little Ice Age was caused by forces(力量)that people could not control. One cause(起因), in their opinion, was the sun. The sun often has “storms” of energy called sunspots(太阳黑子). During the Little Ice Age, there were fewer sunspots than there are t 6. With fewer sunspots, the sun was giving out less e 7 which made the earth warm. Volcanic eruption(火山爆发)was probably a 8 natural cause. During the Little Ice Age, many volcanoes erupted. Their dust(灰尘)might stop the sun's l 9 and heat from reaching the earth.
Today we are seeing the influences of rising temperature. Scientists think people are causing this change by b 10 a lot of coal and oil. So we need to change our way of living.
1.
period
2. colder
3. call
4. brought
5. huge
6.
today
7. energy
8. another
9. light
10. burning
答案：1. period 2. colder 3. call 4. brought 5. huge 6. today 7. energy 8. another 9. light 10. burning
解析：
【分析】
这是一篇科普类短文首字母填空题，解题思路如下：第一步先通读全文，明确文章核心是介绍历史上的小冰期相关背景、成因以及和当下全球变暖的关联，掌握整体语境；第二步逐个空格结合前后文语义逻辑、给出的首字母提示，同时兼顾语法规则（比如比较级、时态、介词后的动词形式变化等）推导对应词汇；第三步把填好的词汇代入全文通读，检查语义是否通顺、语法是否合规，排除形式错误。
【解析】
1. 前文提到数百年前人们面临不同的问题，是一段持续400年的寒冷阶段，首字母p，对应填period（时期），符合“400年的寒冷时期”的语义。
2. 空格后有than提示要用比较级，后文提到当时北半球冬天比现在更长，对应冬天也更冷，首字母c，填colder。
3. 句意是科学家把这段时期“称作”小冰期，首字母c，用一般现在时填call，符合常用搭配call sth sth（把某物命名为）的用法。
4. 句意是更寒冷的天气“带来”了很多严重问题，描述过去发生的事，用bring的过去式，首字母b，填brought。
5. 后文提到冰块从山上滑落摧毁村庄，说明冰块体积很大，首字母h，填huge（巨大的）。
6. 前文对比小冰期的太阳黑子数量，句意是小冰期时的太阳黑子比“现在”更少，首字母t，填today，和过去的时间点形成对应。
7. 前文提到太阳的能量风暴太阳黑子，句意是太阳释放出更少的用来给地球供暖的“能量”，首字母e，填energy。
8. 前文已经介绍了太阳是其中一个成因，这里说火山爆发是“另一个”自然成因，首字母a，填another。
9. 句意是火山灰会阻挡太阳的“光”和热抵达地球，首字母l，填light。
10. 介词by后面要接动名词形式，句意是人们通过“燃烧”大量煤和石油造成气温上升，首字母b，填burning。
【答案】
1. period 2. colder 3. call 4. brought 5. huge 6. today 7. energy 8. another 9. light 10. burning
【知识点】
语境词汇运用、形容词比较级、介词后接动名词
【点评】
本题属于中等难度的科普类首字母填空，既考查学生对上下文逻辑的理解能力，也考察核心常用词汇的拼写、词性变换、时态变形的掌握，同时还能让学生了解小冰期相关知识，建立低碳生活的环保意识，解题时要特别注意动词的时态和非谓语形式的变形，避免只写出原形导致失分。
【难度系数】
0.6
这是一篇科普类短文首字母填空题，解题思路如下：第一步先通读全文，明确文章核心是介绍历史上的小冰期相关背景、成因以及和当下全球变暖的关联，掌握整体语境；第二步逐个空格结合前后文语义逻辑、给出的首字母提示，同时兼顾语法规则（比如比较级、时态、介词后的动词形式变化等）推导对应词汇；第三步把填好的词汇代入全文通读，检查语义是否通顺、语法是否合规，排除形式错误。
【解析】
1. 前文提到数百年前人们面临不同的问题，是一段持续400年的寒冷阶段，首字母p，对应填period（时期），符合“400年的寒冷时期”的语义。
2. 空格后有than提示要用比较级，后文提到当时北半球冬天比现在更长，对应冬天也更冷，首字母c，填colder。
3. 句意是科学家把这段时期“称作”小冰期，首字母c，用一般现在时填call，符合常用搭配call sth sth（把某物命名为）的用法。
4. 句意是更寒冷的天气“带来”了很多严重问题，描述过去发生的事，用bring的过去式，首字母b，填brought。
5. 后文提到冰块从山上滑落摧毁村庄，说明冰块体积很大，首字母h，填huge（巨大的）。
6. 前文对比小冰期的太阳黑子数量，句意是小冰期时的太阳黑子比“现在”更少，首字母t，填today，和过去的时间点形成对应。
7. 前文提到太阳的能量风暴太阳黑子，句意是太阳释放出更少的用来给地球供暖的“能量”，首字母e，填energy。
8. 前文已经介绍了太阳是其中一个成因，这里说火山爆发是“另一个”自然成因，首字母a，填another。
9. 句意是火山灰会阻挡太阳的“光”和热抵达地球，首字母l，填light。
10. 介词by后面要接动名词形式，句意是人们通过“燃烧”大量煤和石油造成气温上升，首字母b，填burning。
【答案】
1. period 2. colder 3. call 4. brought 5. huge 6. today 7. energy 8. another 9. light 10. burning
【知识点】
语境词汇运用、形容词比较级、介词后接动名词
【点评】
本题属于中等难度的科普类首字母填空，既考查学生对上下文逻辑的理解能力，也考察核心常用词汇的拼写、词性变换、时态变形的掌握，同时还能让学生了解小冰期相关知识，建立低碳生活的环保意识，解题时要特别注意动词的时态和非谓语形式的变形，避免只写出原形导致失分。
【难度系数】
0.6
D(2025·江苏南通)
About 160 years ago, the Austrian scientist Mendel did many important experiments(实验)with pea plants. After eight years of c 1 research, he finally discovered the basic rules of inheritance(遗传). This helped him make great p 2 in the study of biology. But for the next hundred years, people still didn't know why some pea plants were tall while some were short.
Then, amazing news came! A group of international scientists worked t 3 and found more. This team was led by two great scientists, Cheng Shifeng from China and Noel Ellis from the UK. They shared information from their experiments, talked about problems, and tried different ways to s 4 these problems.
The scientists used modern scientific tools to look at Mendel's 1865 experiments again. They wanted to learn more about the genetic(基因的)changes. So, after 2019, they grew more than 700 k 5 of peas from Britain in China. They built special greenhouses to study the plants. Finally, they discovered the changes in pea genetics. What a great s 6 they achieved!
Cheng Shifeng, the group's lead scientist, said, “Mendel found out the rules of inheritance many years ago, but he didn't know what a gene was and h 7 it worked. Now we can see the changes clearly from the study.”
Scientists once tried to e 8 why some pods(豆荚)are green and others are yellow. This study has found out some secrets about genes in DNA. The genes can c 9 the colours of peas.
This study shows that with modern scientific tools, nowadays we can understand the genetic world b 10. It's a great example of how we keep working out the mysteries of nature.
1.
6.
About 160 years ago, the Austrian scientist Mendel did many important experiments(实验)with pea plants. After eight years of c 1 research, he finally discovered the basic rules of inheritance(遗传). This helped him make great p 2 in the study of biology. But for the next hundred years, people still didn't know why some pea plants were tall while some were short.
Then, amazing news came! A group of international scientists worked t 3 and found more. This team was led by two great scientists, Cheng Shifeng from China and Noel Ellis from the UK. They shared information from their experiments, talked about problems, and tried different ways to s 4 these problems.
The scientists used modern scientific tools to look at Mendel's 1865 experiments again. They wanted to learn more about the genetic(基因的)changes. So, after 2019, they grew more than 700 k 5 of peas from Britain in China. They built special greenhouses to study the plants. Finally, they discovered the changes in pea genetics. What a great s 6 they achieved!
Cheng Shifeng, the group's lead scientist, said, “Mendel found out the rules of inheritance many years ago, but he didn't know what a gene was and h 7 it worked. Now we can see the changes clearly from the study.”
Scientists once tried to e 8 why some pods(豆荚)are green and others are yellow. This study has found out some secrets about genes in DNA. The genes can c 9 the colours of peas.
This study shows that with modern scientific tools, nowadays we can understand the genetic world b 10. It's a great example of how we keep working out the mysteries of nature.
1.
careful
2. progress
3. together
4. solve
5. kinds
6.
success
7. how
8. explain/explore
9. control
10. better
答案：1. careful 2. progress 3. together 4. solve 5. kinds 6. success 7. how 8. explain/explore 9. control 10. better
解析：
【分析】
这是一篇科普类短文首字母填空题，解题时首先要通读全文，梳理文章核心内容：本文介绍了中外科学家团队在前人孟德尔的豌豆遗传研究基础上，借助现代工具进一步揭开豌豆基因遗传奥秘的相关事迹。接下来逐个空格结合上下文语义、给出的首字母提示，同时联系所学的固定搭配、词性要求推导合适的单词，最后代入全文通读校验，确保语义通顺、逻辑连贯。
【解析】
1. 句意：经过八年的________研究，他最终发现了遗传的基本规律。此处需要形容词修饰名词research，结合首字母c，长期严谨的研究才会得到重大发现，可知填careful（认真的、仔细的）。
2. 句意：这帮助他在生物学研究方面取得了巨大的________。固定搭配make great progress表示“取得巨大进步”，符合语境，首字母p，填progress。
3. 句意：一组国际科学家________工作，发现了更多内容。后文提到他们共享实验信息、讨论问题，说明是协同合作，结合首字母t，填together（一起、共同），work together即共同协作。
4. 句意：他们共享实验信息、讨论问题，尝试不同的方法来________这些问题。固定搭配solve problems表示“解决问题”，符合语境，首字母s，填solve。
5. 句意：2019年之后，他们在中国种植了700多________来自英国的豌豆。固定搭配kinds of表示“不同种类的”，此处指700多种豌豆，首字母k，填kinds。
6. 句意：他们取得了多么大的________啊！前文提到他们最终发现了豌豆基因的变化，这是一项重大成就，结合首字母s，填success（成功、成就）。
7. 句意：孟德尔很多年前就发现了遗传规律，但他不知道基因是什么，也不知道它________运作。此处表示运作的方式，结合首字母h，填how（如何、怎样）。
8. 句意：科学家曾经尝试________为什么有些豆荚是绿色的，另一些是黄色的。此处可以表示尝试解释该现象，也可以表示尝试探索该问题，首字母e，符合的单词是explain（解释）或者explore（探索）。
9. 句意：这些基因可以________豌豆的颜色。前文提到该研究揭开了DNA里的部分基因秘密，基因是决定生物性状的，结合首字母c，填control（控制、决定）。
10. 句意：这项研究表明，有了现代科学工具，如今我们可以________理解遗传世界。和过去的研究对比，现在能理解得更好，用副词well的比较级，首字母b，填better（更好地）。
【答案】
1. careful 2. progress 3. together 4. solve 5. kinds 6. success 7. how 8. explain/explore 9. control 10. better
【知识点】
短文首字母填空，固定短语搭配，语境词义辨析
【点评】
本题选取生物遗传研究的科普热点素材，将英语词汇考察和科学常识结合，既考查学生对初中核心词汇的掌握程度，也要求学生具备结合上下文逻辑推导语义的能力，部分空格设置了多个符合要求的答案，对学生的灵活运用能力有一定要求。
【难度系数】
0.6
这是一篇科普类短文首字母填空题，解题时首先要通读全文，梳理文章核心内容：本文介绍了中外科学家团队在前人孟德尔的豌豆遗传研究基础上，借助现代工具进一步揭开豌豆基因遗传奥秘的相关事迹。接下来逐个空格结合上下文语义、给出的首字母提示，同时联系所学的固定搭配、词性要求推导合适的单词，最后代入全文通读校验，确保语义通顺、逻辑连贯。
【解析】
1. 句意：经过八年的________研究，他最终发现了遗传的基本规律。此处需要形容词修饰名词research，结合首字母c，长期严谨的研究才会得到重大发现，可知填careful（认真的、仔细的）。
2. 句意：这帮助他在生物学研究方面取得了巨大的________。固定搭配make great progress表示“取得巨大进步”，符合语境，首字母p，填progress。
3. 句意：一组国际科学家________工作，发现了更多内容。后文提到他们共享实验信息、讨论问题，说明是协同合作，结合首字母t，填together（一起、共同），work together即共同协作。
4. 句意：他们共享实验信息、讨论问题，尝试不同的方法来________这些问题。固定搭配solve problems表示“解决问题”，符合语境，首字母s，填solve。
5. 句意：2019年之后，他们在中国种植了700多________来自英国的豌豆。固定搭配kinds of表示“不同种类的”，此处指700多种豌豆，首字母k，填kinds。
6. 句意：他们取得了多么大的________啊！前文提到他们最终发现了豌豆基因的变化，这是一项重大成就，结合首字母s，填success（成功、成就）。
7. 句意：孟德尔很多年前就发现了遗传规律，但他不知道基因是什么，也不知道它________运作。此处表示运作的方式，结合首字母h，填how（如何、怎样）。
8. 句意：科学家曾经尝试________为什么有些豆荚是绿色的，另一些是黄色的。此处可以表示尝试解释该现象，也可以表示尝试探索该问题，首字母e，符合的单词是explain（解释）或者explore（探索）。
9. 句意：这些基因可以________豌豆的颜色。前文提到该研究揭开了DNA里的部分基因秘密，基因是决定生物性状的，结合首字母c，填control（控制、决定）。
10. 句意：这项研究表明，有了现代科学工具，如今我们可以________理解遗传世界。和过去的研究对比，现在能理解得更好，用副词well的比较级，首字母b，填better（更好地）。
【答案】
1. careful 2. progress 3. together 4. solve 5. kinds 6. success 7. how 8. explain/explore 9. control 10. better
【知识点】
短文首字母填空，固定短语搭配，语境词义辨析
【点评】
本题选取生物遗传研究的科普热点素材，将英语词汇考察和科学常识结合，既考查学生对初中核心词汇的掌握程度，也要求学生具备结合上下文逻辑推导语义的能力，部分空格设置了多个符合要求的答案，对学生的灵活运用能力有一定要求。
【难度系数】
0.6