解:根据题意,得$AD = CD=\frac{1}{2}AC=\frac{1}{2}AB.$
①若$AB + AD = 12\mathrm{cm},$则$\frac{3}{2}AB = 12\mathrm{cm},$
$\therefore AB = AC = 8\mathrm{cm}.$ $\therefore AD = CD = 4\mathrm{cm}.$ 此时$BC + CD = 15\mathrm{cm},$
$\therefore BC = 11\mathrm{cm}.$
②若$AB + AD = 15\mathrm{cm},$则$\frac{3}{2}AB = 15\mathrm{cm},$
$\therefore AB = AC = 10\mathrm{cm}.$ $\therefore AD = CD = 5\mathrm{cm}.$
此时$BC + CD = 12\mathrm{cm},$$\therefore BC = 7\mathrm{cm}.$
综上所述,$\triangle ABC$各边的长分别为$8\mathrm{cm},$$8\mathrm{cm},$$11\mathrm{cm}$或$10\mathrm{cm},$$10\mathrm{cm},$$7\mathrm{cm}$