解:$(1) $连接$P C$
∵点$P $在边$BC$的垂直平分线上
∴$P B = P C,$∴$\triangle P BC$是等腰三角形
∴$∠P BC = ∠P CB$
同理,得$∠P AC = ∠P CA$
∴$∠P BC + ∠P AC = ∠P CB + ∠P CA=∠ACB$
又$∠ACB = 110°$
∴$∠AP B = 360°-(∠P BC + ∠P AC+∠ACB)$
$=360°-2∠ACB = 140°$
$(2) $线段$AB,$$AH,$$AC$之间的数量关系
是$AB = AC + 2\ \mathrm {A}H$
理由如下:过点$P $作$PD\perp AM$于点$D,$连接$P C$
∵点$P $在$∠BAM$的平分线上
∴$∠P AH = ∠P AD$
又$PH\perp AB,$$P D\perp AM$
∴$∠AHP = ∠ADP = 90°$
在$\triangle P AH$和$\triangle P AD$中
$\begin {cases}∠AHP = ∠ADP\\∠P AH = ∠P AD\\P A = P A\end {cases}$
∴$\triangle P AH≌\triangle P AD(\mathrm {AAS})$
∴$AH = AD,$$PH = P D$
∵点$P $在边$BC$的垂直平分线上
∴$P B = P C$
在$Rt\triangle P BH$和$Rt\triangle P CD$中
$\begin {cases}PH = P D\\P B = P C\end {cases}$
∴$Rt\triangle P BH≌ Rt\triangle P CD(\mathrm {HL})$
∴$BH = CD$
∴$AB - AH = AC + AD,$即$AB = AC + 2\ \mathrm {A}H$