解:$(1)$由题意,设$y_{1} = k_{1}x,$$y_{2} = k_{2}(x + 2)$
又$y = y_{2} - y_{1},$∴$y = k_{2}(x + 2)-k_{1}x$
又当$x = -1$时,$y = 2;$当$x = 2$时,$y = 10$
∴$\begin {cases}k_{2} + k_{1} = 2 \\4k_{2} - 2k_{1} = 10 \end {cases},$解得$\begin {cases}{k_{1} = -\frac 13}\\{k_{2}=\frac 73}\end {cases}$
∴$y$与$x$之间的函数表达式为
$y = \frac 73(x + 2)+\frac 13x=\frac 83x+\frac {14}3$
$(2)$由$(1)$得$y$与$x$之间的函数表达式为
$y = \frac 83x+\frac {14}3$
当$y = 30$时,$\frac 83x+\frac {14}3=30,$解得$x=\frac {19}2$
则当$x$的值为$\frac {19}2$时,$y$的值为$30$