解:$(1)$∵$DE⊥AB,$∴$∠BED = 90°$
$ $又$F $为$BD$的中点,∴$EF = \frac 12BD$
$ $又$BD = 10,$∴$EF = 5$
$ (2) ∆DEF,$$∆BEF,$$∆DCF,$$∆BCF,$$∆CEF $都是等腰三角形
$ (3) ∠A = ∠CEF,$证明如下:
$ $由$(1)$得$∠BED = 90°$
又$∠ACB = 90°,$$F $为$BD$的中点
∴$FE = F B = \frac 12BD,$$F C = \frac 12BD,$即$FE = F B = FC$
∴$∠CEF = ∠ECF,$$∠F EB = ∠F BE,$$∠F CB = ∠F BC$
$ $又$∠EF D = ∠F EB + ∠F BE,$$∠CF D = ∠F CB + ∠F BC$
∴$∠EF D = 2∠F BE,$$∠CF D = 2∠F BC$
∴$∠CFE = ∠EF D + ∠CF D = 2(∠F BE + ∠F BC)$
$ $又$∠CFE + ∠CEF + ∠ECF = 180°$
∴$∠CEF = \frac 12(180° - ∠CFE) = \frac 12(180° - 2∠F BE - 2∠F BC)=90° - ∠F BE - ∠F BC$
∵$∠A + ∠ABC = 90°,$$∠ABC = ∠F BE + ∠F BC$
∴$∠A = 90° - ∠ABC = 90° - ∠F BE - ∠F BC$
∴$∠A = ∠CEF$