解:$(2)$由题意,得$\begin {cases}4 < a < 9\\9 < a + 3 < 16\end {cases},$解得$6 < a < 9$
$ $则$a$的取值范围为$6 < a < 9$
又$a$为正整数,∴$a = 7$或$8$
$ $当$a = 7$时,$\sqrt [3]{a + 1}=\sqrt [3]8=2;$当$a = 8$时,$\sqrt [3]{a + 1}=\sqrt [3]9$
∴$\sqrt [3]{a + 1}$的值为$2$或$\sqrt [3]9$
$ (3)$由题意,得$\sqrt {x - 3}+(y - 4)^2=0$
∵$\sqrt {x - 3}\geq 0,$$(y - 4)^2\geq 0$
∴$\sqrt {x - 3}=0,$$(y - 4)^2=0,$即$x - 3 = 0,$$y - 4 = 0,$解得$x = 3,$$y = 4$
∴$\sqrt {xy}=\sqrt {12}$
∵$3^2<12<4^2,$∴$\sqrt {xy}$的$''$青一区间$''$为$(3,$$4)$