解:$(1)$∵$AB = AC,$∴$∠B = ∠C$
又$∠B+∠C+∠BAC = 180°,$$∠BAC = 90°$
∴$∠B=∠C=\frac 12(180°-∠BAC)=45°$
∵$∠BAD = 30°$
∴$∠ADC=∠B+∠BAD = 75°,$$∠DAC=∠BAC-∠BAD = 60°$
又$AD = AE,$∴$∠ADE=∠AED$
又$∠ADE+∠AED+∠DAC = 180°$
∴$∠ADE=∠AED=\frac 12(180°-∠DAC)=60°$
∴$∠EDC=∠ADC - ∠ADE = 15°$
$ (2)$∵$AB = AC,$∴$∠B = ∠C$
又$∠B+∠C+∠BAC = 180°,$$∠BAC=α$
∴$∠B=∠C=\frac 12(180°-∠BAC)=90°-\frac 12α$
∵$∠BAD = 30°$
∴$∠ADC=∠B+∠BAD = 120°-\frac 12α,$$∠DAC=∠BAC-∠BAD=α- 30°$
又$AD = AE,$∴$∠ADE=∠AED$
又$∠ADE+∠AED+∠DAC = 180°$
∴$∠ADE=∠AED=\frac 12(180°-∠DAC)=105°-\frac 12α$
∴$∠EDC=∠ADC - ∠ADE = 15°$
$ (3) ∠EDC$与$∠BAD$之间的数量关系是$∠EDC=\frac 12∠BAD$