第49页

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$12$
证明:在$BC$的延长线上截取$CH = AC,$在$BC$上截取$CE = CA。$
因为$BC = 2AC,$所以$BE = CE = AC。$
因为$AC = CH,$所以$\angle H=\angle CAH,$又因为$\angle ACB = 2\angle B,$所以$\angle H=\angle B,$所以$AH = AB。$
又$HC = BE,$所以$\triangle AHC\cong\triangle ABE(SAS),$所以$AE = AC,$所以$AE = AC = CE,$$\triangle ACE$是等边三角形,所以$\angle ACB = 60^{\circ},$$\angle B = 30^{\circ},$所以$\angle BAC = 90^{\circ}。$
(2) 证明:延长$CE$与$BA$交于点$F。$
因为$\angle ABC = 45^{\circ},$$AB = AC,$所以$\angle BAC = 90^{\circ}。$
因为$CE\perp BD,$所以$\angle BAC=\angle DEC。$
又因为$\angle ADB=\angle CDE,$所以$\angle ABD=\angle DCE。$
在$\triangle BAD$和$\triangle CAF$中,$\begin{cases}\angle BAD=\angle CAF \\ AB = AC \\ \angle ABD=\angle ACF\end{cases},$
所以$\triangle BAD\cong\triangle CAF(ASA),$所以$BD = CF。$
因为$BD$平分$\angle ABC,$$CE\perp DB,$
在$\triangle BEF$和$\triangle BEC$中,$\begin{cases}\angle FBE=\angle CBE \\ BE = BE \\ \angle BEF=\angle BEC\end{cases},$
所以$\triangle BEF\cong\triangle BEC(ASA),$所以$CE = EF,$所以$BD = 2CE。$
(3) $S_{\triangle ACE}=\frac{1}{8}m$
解: 方法1:(截长法)
在$CD$上取点$E,$使$DE = BD,$连接$AE。$
因为$AB + BD = DC,$所以$CE = AB。$
因为$AD\perp BC,$$DE = BD,$所以$AB = AE,$则$AE = CE,$$\angle B=\angle AED=\angle C+\angle CAE = 2\angle C。$
因为$\angle BAC = 120^{\circ},$所以$\angle B+\angle C=2\angle C+\angle C = 60^{\circ},$解得$\angle C = 20^{\circ}。$
方法2:(补短法)
延长$DB$至点$F,$使$BF = AB,$连接$AF。$
因为$AB + BD = DF = CD,$所以$AF = AC,$$\angle C=\angle F=\frac{1}{2}\angle ABC。$
因为$\angle BAC = 120^{\circ},$所以$\angle ABC+\angle C=\angle ABC+\frac{1}{2}\angle ABC = 60^{\circ},$解得$\angle ABC = 40^{\circ},$所以$\angle C = 20^{\circ}。$