解:$(1)$原式$=(a+b)^2-2(a+b)+1=a^2 + 2ab + b^2 - 2a - 2b + 1$
$(2)$原式$=(x-2y)^2-2(x-2y)+1=x^2 - 4xy + 4y^2 - 2x + 4y + 1$
$(3)$原式$=(\mathrm {m^2}+1)^2-\mathrm {m^2}=m^4 +\mathrm {m^2} + 1$
$(4)$原式$=(3m)^2-(2n-p)^2=9\ \mathrm {m^2} - 4n^2 + 4np - p^2$