解:$(1) $如图$①,$连接$ BC。$
由题意,得$∠BAD=∠α,$$∠CAD=∠β。$
∵$AB=BC=\sqrt {1^2+2^2}=\sqrt {5},$$AC=\sqrt {1^2+3^2}=\sqrt {10},$
∴$AB^2+BC^2=AC^2=10,$$∠BAC=∠BCA。$
∴$∠ABC=90°。$
∵$△ABC$的内角和为$180°,$
∴$∠BAC=\frac {1}{2}(180°-90°)=45°,$即$∠α+∠β=45°。$
$(3) $如图$②,$由题意,得$∠EDH=∠α,$$∠HDF=∠β。$
延长$ DE,$得格点$ G,$连接$ GF。$
∵$DG=\sqrt {6^2+2^2}=2\sqrt {10},$$GF=\sqrt {1^2+3^2}=\sqrt {10},$
$DF=\sqrt {1^2+7^2}=5\sqrt {2},$
∴$DG^2+GF^2=DF^2。$
∴$∠DGF=90°。$
∴$ $在$Rt△DGF_{中},$$tan∠GDF=\frac {GF}{DG}=\frac {\sqrt {10}}{2\sqrt {10}}=\frac {1}{2},$即$\mathrm {tan}θ=\frac {1}{2}。$