解:设张强第一次购买香蕉$x\ \mathrm{kg},$第二次购买香蕉$y\ \mathrm{kg},$由题意得$\begin{cases}x + y = 50\\0 < x < y\end{cases},$即$0 < x < 25,$$25 < y < 50$
分情况讨论:
①当$0 < x ≤ 20,$$25 < y ≤ 40$时:
$\begin{cases}x + y = 50\\6x + 5y = 264\end{cases}$
解得$\begin{cases}x = 14\\y = 36\end{cases},$符合题意;
②当$0 < x ≤ 20,$$40 < y < 50$时:
$\begin{cases}x + y = 50\\6x + 4y = 264\end{cases}$
解得$\begin{cases}x = 32\\y = 18\end{cases},$与$0 < x ≤ 20$矛盾,舍去;
③当$20 < x < 25,$$25 < y < 30$时:
$\begin{cases}x + y = 50\\5x + 5y = 264\end{cases},$此方程组无解;
综上,张强第一次购买香蕉$14\ \mathrm{kg},$第二次购买香蕉$36\ \mathrm{kg}$