解: 问题探究:
证明:延长$AB,$$CD$交于点$G。$
$∵AD$平分$∠ BAC,$$∴∠ CAD = ∠ GAD。$
$∵AD ⊥ CD,$$∴∠ ADC = ∠ ADG = 90°。$
在$△ ADC$和$△ ADG$中,
$\begin{cases} ∠ ADC = ∠ ADG, \\ AD = AD, \\ ∠ CAD = ∠ GAD, \end{cases}$
$∴△ ADC ≌ △ ADG(\mathrm{ASA}),$
$∴CD = GD,$即$CG = 2CD。$
$∵∠ BAC = ∠ BCA = 45°,$
$∴∠ ABC = 90°,$$∴∠ CBG = 90°,$
$∴∠ G + ∠ BCG = 90°。$
又$∵∠ G + ∠ BAE = 90°,$
$∴∠ BAE = ∠ BCG。$
在$△ ABE$和$△ CBG$中,
$\begin{cases} ∠ ABE = ∠ CBG = 90°, \\ AB = CB, \\ ∠ BAE = ∠ BCG, \end{cases}$
$∴△ ABE ≌ △ CBG(\mathrm{ASA}),$
$∴AE = CG = 2CD。$
拓展延伸:
辅助线作法:过点$D$作$DG ⊥ BC,$交$CE$的延长线
于点$G,$可得结论$DF=2CE。$
