Ⅰ. 私学兴起
私学产生于春秋时期，是中国古代由私人办理的学校，与官学相对。孔子兴办私学，是中国教育史上一件极具重要意义的事情。此举打破了此前“学在官府”的体制和“贵游子弟学焉”的传统，让更多平民子弟有机会接受文化教育。
跨学科 历史
Who is the greatest teacher in Chinese history? Many people would say: Confucius. He was born over 2,000 years ago, but people still remember him nowadays.
Confucius lived in the kingdom of Lu, part of today’s Shandong Province. He lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. His childhood was sad. His father died when he was only 3 and he had to work to help his mother. But young Confucius didn’t give up studying. He visited many famous teachers and learned music, history, poetry and sports.
Later, he became a teacher and developed a private school. At that time only children from rich families could go to school set up by the government, but Confucius believed everyone should go to school if they wanted to learn. He had about 3,000 students in his lifetime.
Today, people still follow Confucius’ lessons. He told us that everyone has something worthy to learn and to teach. “When I am with three people, one of them must be better than me in some areas. I choose their good qualities and follow them. I take their bad qualities and change them in myself.” He also taught us, “All study but no thinking makes people puzzled(困惑的). All thinking but no study makes people lazy.”
Confucius is not only a great teacher, but also a famous thinker with wise thoughts about the world and society. His most important teachings are about kindness and good manners(礼仪). “A kind person should care for others. Be strict with yourself, but be kind to others,” he said.
1. Confucius developed the private school so that
A. he could find himself a job as a teacher
B. children could learn at school rather than at home
C. he could be the first teacher in Chinese history
D. children from poor families could go to school as well
2. Confucius not only gave lessons but also
A. encouraged people to be strict
B. offered students puzzles
C. advised people to behave well
D. taught students how to make friends
3. According to the passage, what can we learn about or from Confucius?
A. Confucius is the greatest poet in Chinese history.
B. Confucius was born in a rich family.
C. We should always care for ourselves.
D. Thinking is very important in study.
4. Which is the best title for this story?
A. Confucius’ teaching methods
B. A great man with a hard childhood
C. A person who changed Chinese history
D. Confucius—A great teacher and thinker
私学产生于春秋时期，是中国古代由私人办理的学校，与官学相对。孔子兴办私学，是中国教育史上一件极具重要意义的事情。此举打破了此前“学在官府”的体制和“贵游子弟学焉”的传统，让更多平民子弟有机会接受文化教育。
跨学科 历史
Who is the greatest teacher in Chinese history? Many people would say: Confucius. He was born over 2,000 years ago, but people still remember him nowadays.
Confucius lived in the kingdom of Lu, part of today’s Shandong Province. He lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. His childhood was sad. His father died when he was only 3 and he had to work to help his mother. But young Confucius didn’t give up studying. He visited many famous teachers and learned music, history, poetry and sports.
Later, he became a teacher and developed a private school. At that time only children from rich families could go to school set up by the government, but Confucius believed everyone should go to school if they wanted to learn. He had about 3,000 students in his lifetime.
Today, people still follow Confucius’ lessons. He told us that everyone has something worthy to learn and to teach. “When I am with three people, one of them must be better than me in some areas. I choose their good qualities and follow them. I take their bad qualities and change them in myself.” He also taught us, “All study but no thinking makes people puzzled(困惑的). All thinking but no study makes people lazy.”
Confucius is not only a great teacher, but also a famous thinker with wise thoughts about the world and society. His most important teachings are about kindness and good manners(礼仪). “A kind person should care for others. Be strict with yourself, but be kind to others,” he said.
1. Confucius developed the private school so that
D
.A. he could find himself a job as a teacher
B. children could learn at school rather than at home
C. he could be the first teacher in Chinese history
D. children from poor families could go to school as well
2. Confucius not only gave lessons but also
C
.A. encouraged people to be strict
B. offered students puzzles
C. advised people to behave well
D. taught students how to make friends
3. According to the passage, what can we learn about or from Confucius?
A. Confucius is the greatest poet in Chinese history.
B. Confucius was born in a rich family.
C. We should always care for ourselves.
D. Thinking is very important in study.
4. Which is the best title for this story?
A. Confucius’ teaching methods
B. A great man with a hard childhood
C. A person who changed Chinese history
D. Confucius—A great teacher and thinker
答案：1 - 4 DCDD
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了孔子的生平、生活、教育成就以及思想方面的伟大成就。
1. D 解析：细节理解题。根据“Later, he became a teacher and developed a private school... but Confucius believed everyone should go to school if they wanted to learn.”可知，他创立学校是为了让穷人的孩子也能上学。故选 D。
2. C 解析：细节理解题。根据“His most important teachings are about kindness and good manners.”可知，孔子不仅讲学，而且对人们的行为提出了建议。故选 C。
3. D 解析：推理判断题。根据“He also taught us, ‘All study but no thinking makes people puzzled. All thinking but no study makes people lazy.’”可知，思考在学习中很重要。故选 D。
4. D 解析：标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了孔子的生平、生活、教育成就以及思想方面的伟大成就。故文章的标题可以是 D 项“Confucius - A great teacher and thinker(孔子——一位伟大的教师和思想家)”。故选 D。
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了孔子的生平、生活、教育成就以及思想方面的伟大成就。
1. D 解析：细节理解题。根据“Later, he became a teacher and developed a private school... but Confucius believed everyone should go to school if they wanted to learn.”可知，他创立学校是为了让穷人的孩子也能上学。故选 D。
2. C 解析：细节理解题。根据“His most important teachings are about kindness and good manners.”可知，孔子不仅讲学，而且对人们的行为提出了建议。故选 C。
3. D 解析：推理判断题。根据“He also taught us, ‘All study but no thinking makes people puzzled. All thinking but no study makes people lazy.’”可知，思考在学习中很重要。故选 D。
4. D 解析：标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了孔子的生平、生活、教育成就以及思想方面的伟大成就。故文章的标题可以是 D 项“Confucius - A great teacher and thinker(孔子——一位伟大的教师和思想家)”。故选 D。
解析：
【分析】
这是一篇关于孔子的阅读理解题，包含四种不同题型，解题思路如下：
1. 第1题是细节理解题，需回到原文寻找孔子创办私学的目的相关语句，对比选项选出符合原文的答案；
2. 第2题是细节理解题，要定位到文中关于孔子除讲学外的思想主张部分，匹配对应选项；
3. 第3题是推理判断题，需逐一分析每个选项，结合原文内容判断正误，排除错误选项后得出正确答案；
4. 第4题是标题归纳题，要梳理全文主旨，选出能涵盖孔子作为伟大教师和思想家这两大核心内容的标题。
【解析】
1. D 解析：细节理解题。根据文中“Later, he became a teacher and developed a private school... but Confucius believed everyone should go to school if they wanted to learn.”可知，孔子创办私学是为了让原本无法入学的贫困家庭孩子也能有上学的机会。故选D。
2. C 解析：细节理解题。根据文中“His most important teachings are about kindness and good manners.”可知，孔子除了讲学，还倡导人们待人友善、举止有礼，也就是对人们的行为规范提出建议。故选C。
3. D 解析：推理判断题。根据文中“He also taught us, ‘All study but no thinking makes people puzzled. All thinking but no study makes people lazy.’”可知，孔子强调学习中思考的重要性，由此可推断出思考在学习中是十分关键的。A选项原文未提及孔子是最伟大的诗人；B选项与文中“His father died when he was only 3 and he had to work to help his mother.”不符；C选项与孔子“Be strict with yourself, but be kind to others”的主张相悖。故选D。
4. D 解析：标题归纳题。本文围绕孔子展开，既介绍了他作为教师创办私学的教育成就，又阐述了他作为思想家的诸多智慧主张，所以“Confucius—A great teacher and thinker”最能概括全文主旨。故选D。
【答案】
1-4 DCDD
【知识点】
细节理解题、推理判断题、标题归纳题
【点评】
本文是介绍孔子的说明文，题目涵盖了阅读理解常见的几种题型，考查学生定位原文信息、推理判断以及归纳主旨的能力。解题时需紧密结合原文内容，仔细分析每个选项，避免主观臆断。
【难度系数】
0.7
这是一篇关于孔子的阅读理解题，包含四种不同题型，解题思路如下：
1. 第1题是细节理解题，需回到原文寻找孔子创办私学的目的相关语句，对比选项选出符合原文的答案；
2. 第2题是细节理解题，要定位到文中关于孔子除讲学外的思想主张部分，匹配对应选项；
3. 第3题是推理判断题，需逐一分析每个选项，结合原文内容判断正误，排除错误选项后得出正确答案；
4. 第4题是标题归纳题，要梳理全文主旨，选出能涵盖孔子作为伟大教师和思想家这两大核心内容的标题。
【解析】
1. D 解析：细节理解题。根据文中“Later, he became a teacher and developed a private school... but Confucius believed everyone should go to school if they wanted to learn.”可知，孔子创办私学是为了让原本无法入学的贫困家庭孩子也能有上学的机会。故选D。
2. C 解析：细节理解题。根据文中“His most important teachings are about kindness and good manners.”可知，孔子除了讲学，还倡导人们待人友善、举止有礼，也就是对人们的行为规范提出建议。故选C。
3. D 解析：推理判断题。根据文中“He also taught us, ‘All study but no thinking makes people puzzled. All thinking but no study makes people lazy.’”可知，孔子强调学习中思考的重要性，由此可推断出思考在学习中是十分关键的。A选项原文未提及孔子是最伟大的诗人；B选项与文中“His father died when he was only 3 and he had to work to help his mother.”不符；C选项与孔子“Be strict with yourself, but be kind to others”的主张相悖。故选D。
4. D 解析：标题归纳题。本文围绕孔子展开，既介绍了他作为教师创办私学的教育成就，又阐述了他作为思想家的诸多智慧主张，所以“Confucius—A great teacher and thinker”最能概括全文主旨。故选D。
【答案】
1-4 DCDD
【知识点】
细节理解题、推理判断题、标题归纳题
【点评】
本文是介绍孔子的说明文，题目涵盖了阅读理解常见的几种题型，考查学生定位原文信息、推理判断以及归纳主旨的能力。解题时需紧密结合原文内容，仔细分析每个选项，避免主观臆断。
【难度系数】
0.7